Language Reference

Tokens

Yagbas source code is read as utf8 data, and is then lexed into "tokens", which make up the program.

Comments

Single line comments start with // and go to the end of the line.

// single line comment

Multi line comments start with /* and end with */. They can be nested within each other.

/* multi line
comment */

A single line comment marker takes priority over multi line comment markers, and will "comment out" a multi line comment open or close marker that appears after it on the same line.

Commented text has no effect on the program.

Registers and Conditions

a / A
af / AF
b / B
bc / BC
c / C (used for both the register and the "carry" condition)
d / D
de / DE
e / E
f / F
h / H
hl / HL
l / L
nc / NC (no-carry condition)
nz / NZ (non-zero condition)
z / Z (zero condition)

Other Keywords

All other keywords must be written in lowercase.

break
const
continue
else
false
fn
if
loop
mut
return
static
true

Number Literals

Numbers can be written in decimal, hexadecimal, or binary.

Decimal numbers must start with a decimal digit.
Hexadecimal numbers are prefixed with $, and then 1 or more hexadecimal digits. Both uppercase and lowercase are allowed for digits a through f.
Binary numbers are prefixed with %, then either binary digit.

123
$AB12
%101011

Underscores can also be used within a number literal. They don't affect the value the literal represents, but they can make the number easier for the programmer to read.

1_024 == 1024

Identifiers

Identifiers in Yagbas work the same as in languages such as Rust, C, Java, etc.

They must start with an underscore or an ascii letter.
They can contain underscores, ascii letters, or decimal digits.

Token Trees

After tokenization, the tokens are arranged into "token trees". A token tree is either a "lone" token, or a list of token trees contained within one of the types of grouping markers.

( and ), "parens"
{ and }, "braces"
[ and ], "brackets"
/* and */, "multi-line comments"

The group markers must balance out or the token trees cannot be constructed correctly. The yagbas parser is able to recover from some parsing problems, but unbalanced token trees will often halt it in its tracks completely.

Items

Items are the things that a source file defines.

Items are conceptually unordered. They can refer to other items either before or after their own definition, and it makes no difference.

Each item has a name. No two items can have the same name.

Consts

A const names an expression so that it can be used elsewhere within the program.

const NAME = EXPRESSION

Statics

A static value declares bytes of non-code data that should be present for the program to use. This is how you declare tile data or other program data.

A list of individual byte expressions appears in a comma separated list inside square brackets.

static NAME = [byte0, byte1, byte2, ..., byteN]

When necessary, the list can be broken across several lines. The final expression can also optionally have a trailing comma.

static NAME = [
  byte0, byte1, byte2,
  byte3, byte4, byte5,
  byte6, ....., byteN,
]

Functions

Functions define executable code that can be run during the program.

fn NAME() {
  statement0
  statement1
  ...
  statementN
}

Each function has a name and a body.

The body of the function consists of braces enclosing the statements to execute in order to perform the function's task. Statements are separated by either a newline or a semicolon.

Statements

Expression Statements

An expression statement performs some expression, generally an assignment, as a statement.

a = 0
b = 5

If-Else

If-else statements let some code be conditionally performed.

if a < 20 {
  b = 15
} else {
  b = 20
}

The else portion can be omitted.

if a == 0 {
  b = 10
}

As a small exception to the usual parsing of only one statement per newline or semicolon, there can be newlines after the braces of the if body and before the else keyword.

if a != 1 {
  b = 3
}
else {
  b = 4
}

Loop, Break, and Continue

A loop statement contains a list of inner statements.

loop {
  // ...
}

The statements of the loop are performed, and then control flow goes back to the start of the loop.
break will skip control flow to the end of the loop.
continue will move control flow back to the start of the loop.
In both cases, when a loop contains another loop, they move to the start or end of the inner-most loop.

Loops can be named, allowing for break and continue to go to a loop outside the inner-most loop.

'outer: loop {
  'next: loop {
    a = b
    loop {
      if a == 0 {
        break 'next
      } else {
        break 'outer
      }
    }
  }
}

Call and Return

A function can be called to move control flow from the current function to that other function. The function to call is named, followed by a pair of parenthesis.

foo()

When a function has completed its task it can return to the function that called it.

fn set_a_to_zero() {
  a = 0
  return
}

Expressions

TODO

Yagbas Language Reference